PME-1 can be absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, and the passing rate in monolayer Caco-2 cells was 6.57%. Further, PME-1 has been shown to prevent osteoporosis in vivo. The YPRKDETGAERT peptide (PME-1) identified from the Mytilus edulis proteins has been shown to promote the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and it has good bone-forming activity in vitro. VSEE promotes bone growth and inhibit abnormal lipid metabolism in OVX model through the regulation of intestinal microbiota compositions and Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway. Firmicutes phylum, Veillonellaceae, Prevotellaceae and six genera in VSEE group were significantly different compared with Model group (P <0.05).
Additionally, VSEE was found to reverse bone loss and regulate dyslipidemia through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in OVX rats. VSEE could cross Caco-2/HT-29 co-cultured monolayer via paracellular pathway and peptide transporter (PepT1), and could be detected in blood and maximum concentration was 122.84± 3.68 mg/L at 60 min.
Differentiation and matrix mineralization of preosteoblast were significantly increased by VSEE (P <0.05), which attributed to stimulating calcium influx, then to activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and regulating runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and osteoprotegerin (OPG). MC3T3-E1 cell and OVX rat model were used to evaluate VSEE on regulation of bone and lipid metabolisms. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the regulation of VSEE on osteoporosis and abnormal lipid metabolisms. Since prevention of osteoporosis is important, it might act as a potential cofactor in osteoporosis prevention. Val-Ser-Glu-Glu (VSEE), identified from duck egg white peptides, has been proved to facilitate calcium absorption in previous study.
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